Suspension systems are mechanical or mechatronic assemblies in vehicles that absorb and dampen the vertical forces caused by uneven road surfaces, terrain, or driving maneuvers. They significantly contribute to driving stability, comfort, and the protection of the vehicle structure. As well as classic spring-damper systems (e.g. coil springs and hydraulic shock absorbers), hydropneumatic and semi-active suspension systems are used for specialized applications. These systems can automatically adapt to changing loads and ground conditions, thereby improving handling, particularly in heavy or off-road vehicles.
